2011 ~ Computer tricks and Pranks

Power supply

Inside a custom-built computer: the power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan.

A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits. Power supply units used in computers are nearly always switch mode power supplies (SMPS). The SMPS provides regulated direct current power at the several voltages required by the motherboard and accessories such as disk drives and cooling fans.

Printer

Printer is an output device. The most common method of producing human readable out put is using printers. Printed output is usually referred to as hard copy. Printers provide information in a permanent readable form. They produce printed output of results, programs and data. Printers are classified as follows:

1. Character printers – They prints one character of the text at a time.
2. Line printers - They prints one line of the text at a time.
3. Page printers - They prints one page of the text at a time.

Above classifications of printers are based on how they print. Besides these printers can also be classified on the basis of technology used in their manufacture. i.e.

• Impact printers-
They use electromechanical mechanism that causes hammers or pins to strike against a ribbon and paper to print the text. e.g. dot-matrix, daisy wheel.

•Non Impact printers-
They don't use electromechanical printing head to strike against ribbon and paper. But they use thermal, chemical, electrostatic, laser beam or inkjet technology for printing the text.e.g. Laser printers, inkjet printers, thermal printers.

Types of Printers:
1.Character Printers:
Character printers print one character at a time. They are low speed printers. Their printing speed is 300-600 characters per second depending upon the type of the printer. Characters to be printed are sent serially to the printer. There are two types of character printers.
a)Dot Matrix Impact Type Character Printers –
A character is printed by printing the selected number of dots from a matrix of dots. The formation of a character has been shown using 5-dot rows and 7-dot columns. This pattern is called 5x7 dot matrix. A dot matrix printer is faster than a letter quality printer. Dot matrix printers are very flexible. They don't have fixed character font. The term font is used to refer to a character set of printer. As the fonts are not fixed, a dot matrix printer can print any shape of a character by the software. To print graphics the dot pattern for each column of dots are sent out to the print head from the memory. Its print quality is not as good as that of a letter quality printer. It is a noisy printer.
b) Letter Quality Impact Character Printers –
A daisy wheel type letter quality printer was used in the past for good quality printing. It is no longer used .It has embossed characters just like those of a type writer. The characters are embossed on leaves placed on a wheel. An electric motor is used to rotate the wheel rapidly. When the desired character comes in the correct position a solenoid-driven hammer strikes against the ribbon to print the character on the paper.

2. Ink-Jet Printers:
These works in a similar manner to a dot-matrix printer, but instead of pressing a dry ink against the page, the print head sprays drops of liquid ink onto the page. Ink jet and bubble jet printers have better image quality and are faster than dot-matrix printers; however, printouts have a tendency to smear if gotten wet.
3. Laser Printers:
These work in a manner similar to a photocopier. A roller is charged with electricity, and then a laser is used to remove the charge from portions of the roller. Powdered ink (toner) sticks to the parts of the roller that were hit by the laser, and this toner is transferred from the roller to the paper. Then the ink is baked into the paper using a heater. Laser printers produce very high quality output and are very fast.
4. Line Printers:
A line printer prints one line of the text at a time. A non impact type line printer may use electrostatic, thermal, thermal-wax transfer or solid ink technology. Whether a non impact printers using above mentioned technology is a line printer or character printer depends on its mechanical arrangements. If several points causing impressions are in row, the printer put dots in horizontal line by scanning process and print a line at a time are line printers. The impact type line printers are of the following types:
a) Drum Printer
b) Chain Printer
c) Band Printer
a) Drum Printer:
A line printer in which the type is mounted on a rotating drum that contains a full character set for each printing position is called Drum Printer. Each character position along the text line contains a band of raised character set. There is a magnetically driven hammer in each character position of the line. The printers receive all characters to be printed in one line of the text from the processor. The hammer hit the paper and ribbon against the desired character on the drum when it comes in the printing position. Its noise level is high and its speed varies from 200 to 2000 lines per minute.
b) Chain Printer:
An impact printer that carries the type slugs by links of a revolving chain is called chain printer. Each link of the chain is character font. Magnetically driven hammers are there in each print position. The printers receive all the characters to be printed in one line from the processor. Printers print one line at a time. When the desired character comes in the print position the hammer strikes the ribbon and paper against the character. The noise level of this printer is high and its speed lies in the range of 400-2400 lines/min.

c) Band Printer:
Band printers are just like chain printers. They contain fast rotating scalloped steel print band in place of a chain. The print bands contain raised character set. Hammers strike the ribbon and the paper against the character to print the character. Some printers can print up to 3000 lines/min.Their noise level is high.

Operating Environment

i. Operating or Target Environment:

The hardware that supports a language has a great impact on language design. Languages, as a mean to solve a problem, are part of the overall technology that is employed. The external environment supporting the execution of a program is termed its operating or target environment.

In computing, an operating environment is an environment in which users run application software, whether by a command-line interface or a graphical user interface. An operating environment is usually not a full operating system but is a form of middle ware that rests between the OS and the application.

ii. Host Environment:
The environment in which a program is designed, coded, tested and debugged is called host environment. Host Environment may be different from the operating environment in which the program ultimately used.

A quiet host environment is important because it protects enclosures used as narration environments from outside noise. It is also the work site for monitors and frequently the work site for reviewers. The task of monitoring and reviewing requires continuous, concentrated attention to acoustical details, and noise in the host environment affects how well that task can be accomplished. The host environment should be free from airborne noise and structure-borne noise.

iii. Batch Environment:
The earliest and simplest operating environment consists of external files of data. A program that takes a set of data files as input processes the data and produces a set of output data files. This operating environment is termed as batch-processing. In batch processing, the input data are collected in batches on files and are processed in batches by the program.

Languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, and Pascal were initially designed for batch-processing environments, although they may be used now in interactive or in an embedded-system environment. The 80-column punch card which is developed by Herman Hollerith is used in the 1890 U.S census, was the ubiquitous sign of computing in the 1960's.

In a batch processing environment, an error that terminates execution of the program is acceptable but costly because often the entire run must be repeated after the error is corrected. In this environment, no external help from the user is immediately handling or correcting the error is possible. Thus, the error and exception handling facilities of the language emphasize error/exception handling with in the program so that the program may recover from most errors and continue processing without terminating.

Batch processing environment is the lack of timing constraints on a program. The language usually provides no facilities for monitoring or directly affecting the speed at which the program executes.

iv. Interactive Environment:
In an Interactive Environment, a program interacts directly with a user at a display console during its execution, by alternately sending output to the display and receiving input from the keyboard or mouse. Word processing systems, spreadsheets, video games, database management systems are examples which is used in Interactive Environment.

The characteristics of interactive I/O are sufficiently different form ordinary file operations that most languages designed for a batch processing environment experience so difficulty in adapting to an interactive environment.

Error handling in an interactive environment is given different treatment. If bad input data are entered from a keyboard, the program may display an error message and ask for a correction from the user. Language features for handling the error within the program are of lesser importance. Unlike batch processing, termination of the program in response to an error is usually not acceptable.

Interactive programs must often utilize some notion of timing constraints. An interactive program that operates so slowly that it cannot respond to an input command in a reasonable period is often considered unusable.

v. Embedded-system Environment:
A computer system that is used to control part of a larger system such as an industrial plant, an aircraft, a machine tool, an automobile, or even your toaster is termed an Embedded Computer System.

Programs written for embedded systems often operate without an underlying operating system and without the usual environment of files and I/O device. Instead, the program must interact directly with nonstandard I/O devices through special procedures that take account of the peculiarities of each device. Access to special devices is often provided through language features that give access to particular hardware registers, memory locations, interrupt handlers, or subprograms written in assembly or other low-level languages.

Error handling in embedded systems is of particular importance. Ordinarily, each program must be prepared to handle errors internally, taking appropriate actions to recover and continue.

Embedded systems almost always operate in real time. i.e. the operation of larger system within which the computer system is embedded requires that the computer system be able to respond to inputs and produce outputs within tightly constrained time intervals.

Finally, an embedded computer system is often a distributed system composed of more than one computer. The program running on such a distributed system is usually composed of set of tasks that operate concurrently, each controlling or monitoring one part of the system.

Difference between Magnetic and Optical Storage

Magnetic Storage
a) Stores data in magnetic form.

b) It is affected by magnetic field.
c) It has high storage capacity.
e) It doesn't use laser to read/write data.
f) Magnetic storage devices are ; Hard disk , Floppy disk, Magnetic tape etc.

Optical Storage
a) Stores data optically & used laser to read/write.
b) It is not affected by magnetic field.
c) It has less storage than hard disk.
e) Data accessing is high as compared to floppy.
f) Optical storage devices are; CD-ROM,CD-R,CD-RW, DVD etc.

Difference between LCD, LED, CRT

LCD
a) LCD stands for Liquid Crystal
Display which is a thin, flat display
screen made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels
arrayed in front of a light source
or reflector.
b) It is often used in electronic
Devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

LED
a) LED stands for Light
Emitting Diode which is a semiconductor diode that
emits incoherent narrow-
spectrum light when
electrically biased in the
forward direction of the p-n junction. This effect is a
form of electroluminescence.
b) It can be used as a
regular household light source.

CRT
a) CRT stands for Cathode
Ray Tube which is a tube
coated with phosphorous in
inner surface. When electrons
produced by e-gun come in
contact with phosphorous
wall, light is produced by
virtue of which we can see.
b) It is generally used
in TV screens, monitors, etc

Impact of computer on society

Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of people are using computer. Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20 th century. Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning. Some of the major computer application fields are listed below.
1. An aid to management: The computer can also be used as a management tool to assist in solving business problems.
2. Banking: Branches are equipped with terminals giving them an online accounting facility and enabling them to information as such things as current balances, deposits, overdrafts and interest charges.
3. Industrial Application: In industry, production may be planned, coordinated and controlled with the aid of a computer.
4. Engineering Design: Computer help in calculating that all the parts of a proposed design are satisfactory and also assist in the designing.
5. Meteorology: Data is recorded at different levels of atmosphere at different places, using remote sensors carried on a satellite.
6. Air Travel: Small computers are installed as a part of the plane's equipment.
7. Road Traffic Control: Computers assist with the control of traffic lights.
8. Telephones: Computerized telephone exchanges handle an ever increasing volume of calls very efficiently.
9. Medicine: Computers are widely used in hospitals for such task as maintaining drugs, surgical equipments and linen, for payroll and also for checkup and treatment of diseases.
In addition computers are also used for recording and film studios, research, military, etc.
Computers have both positive and negative impact in our daily life as well as in our social life. But the gross development of the nation is faster with the application of computers in industries and education. The both positive and negative impacts of computers are listed below.
Positive Impact of Computer -
• The work can be done in very less time.
• More information can be stored in small space.
• Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of data.
• Easy to access data.
• Impartiality.
• Documents can be kept secret.
• Error free result.
• It can be used for various purposes. i.e. It can be used in any type of work.
Negative Impact of Computer -
• Highly expensive.
• Accidents.
• Data piracy.
• Increased Unemployment.
• Huge data and information can be lost sometimes.
• Fast changing computer technology.
• Service distribution.
• Illiteracy of computing and computers.

As mentioned on the above list, computers have both positive and negative impact in our society. But the use of computer is increasing day-by-day.

History of Computer in Nepal

There is not a long history of computers in Nepal. Nepal hired some types of calculators and computers for it's census calculation. Following list shows it's history in Nepal.• In 2018 BS an electronic calculator called "Facit" was used for census.• In 2028 BS census IBM 1401 a second generation mainframe computer was used.• In 2031 BS a center for Electronic Data Processing ,Later renamed to National Computer Center(NCC),was established for national data processing and computer training.• In 2038 BS ICL 2950/10 a second generation mainframe computer was used for census.• Now-a-days probably each and every institutions, business organizations, communication centers, ticket counters etc are using computers.

Types of Computer

On the basis of working principle
a) Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
1. Thermometer
2. Speedometer
3. Petrol Pump Indicator
4. Multimeter
b) Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations.
On the basis of Size
a) Super Computer
The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.
b) Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
c) Mini Computer
A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.
d) Micro Computer
i. Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
ii. Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer.
iii. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.
e) Workstations
A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is just a generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server" or "mainframe."

Photoshop - Creating Fire text

1) Make a new file 300x300.
2) Add a new layer and fill with a black background. Then select the type tool .Type your text and fill with white.
3) Deselect the text. Then rotate your text by choosing Edit > Transform > Rotate 90° CW.(This is to make the flames on top.If you want the flames on right side avoid this step.).
4) Next go to Filters > Stylize > Wind.Select the direction,From the left, if you want the flames to appear on the right side of the text. Choose the amount and size.(Here I've selected, Amount: 50% and Size: Medium.)
6) Then rotate your text by choosing Edit > Transform > Rotate 90° CCW.
7) Then to add the fire color to the flames, set the Mode of the image to Indexed Color. For that, go to Image > Mode > Indexed Color and then go to Image > Mode > Color Table and choose Black Body from the options you're given. Click ok.
To make fire flames
, avoid the step 3
If you want the flames all around repeat step3 4 times.

Another method
1) Make a new300x300 file with black background color.
2) Select the type tool .and type your text in white color.
3) Next go to Filters > Stylize > Wind.Apply the filter in the same direction twice.
4) Then rotate the image (go to IMAGE > ROTATE CANVAS and rotate your image 90 degree's CW) and apply the wind filter again. You might want to apply the filter in the same direction twice.
5) Rotate the image again until you get all 4 directions of your image with the wind filter.
6) Apply FILTER > BLUR > MOTION BLUR. Click OK when promoted to rasterise the type.
7) Choose FILTER > DISTORT > RIPPLE. Choose the size and amount.(Here i used small size, 60%)

Layers

Layers let you organize your work into distinct levels that can be edited and viewed as individual units. Every Photoshop CS4 document contains at least one layer. Creating multiple layers lets you easily control how your artwork is printed, displayed, and edited. You will use the Layers palette often while creating a document, so it is crucial to understand what it does and how to use it.
A) Layer Visibility -The eye shows that the selected layer is visible. Click on or off to see or to hide a layer.
B) Layer Locking Options -Click the checkered square icon to lock Transparency; click the brush icon to lock the Image; click the arrow icon to lock the Position; click the lock icon to lock all options.
C) Layer Blending Mode -Defines how the layer’s pixels blend with underlying pixels in the image. By choosing a particular blending mode from the dropdown menu you can create a variety of special effects.
D) Fill -By typing in a value or dragging the slider you can specify the transparency of the Layers Palette color of the image or object.
E) Opacity -By typing in a value or dragging a slider you can specify the transparency of the entire layer.
F) Layer Lock -The icon shows when the layer is locked and disappears when it is unlocked. Double-click the icon to unlock the layer.
G) Layer Options Menu -Click the black triangle to see the following options: New Layer, Duplicate Layer, Delete Layer, Layer Properties, etc. Some of the options are presented as icons at the bottom of the Layers palette.
H) Link Layers – Can be used to link layers together.
I) Layer Styles -If a layer has a style, an “F” icon shows at the bottom of the Layers palette. Click the little black triangle to see style options.
J) Layer Mask -A grayscale image, with parts painted in black hidden, parts painted in white showing, and parts painted in gray shades showing in various levels of transparency.
K) Layer Set -This option helps to organize images with multiple layers. Click the icon to create a folder for several layers.
L) Create New Fill or Adjustment Layer -Have the same opacity and blending mode options as image layers and can be rearranged, deleted, hidden, and duplicated in the same manner as image layers. Click the icon and select an option to create a new fill or adjustment layer.
M) Create New Layer -Click this icon to create a new layer.
N) Delete Layer -To delete a layer, select a layer in the Layers palette and drag it to the trash can icon; or, select a layer and click the icon.

Interface Layout of Photoshop cs4

Menu Bar
If you look at the top of the screen you will see the Menu bar which contains all the main functions of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, View, Window, and Help.
Tool Bar
Most of the major tools are located in the Tool bar for easy access.
The Image
The image will appear in its own window once you open a file.
Image Name
The name of any image that you open will be at the top of the image window as shown above.
Palettes
Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify images. By default, palettes are stacked together in groups. These are the palettes that are usually visible: Color, Adjustments, and Layers. If none of the palettes are visible, go to Window in the Menu bar and choose palettes you need to work with.

Getting Started photoshop cs4

OPENING
Begin by opening Adobe Photoshop CS4.
On a PC, click Start > Programs > Adobe > Photoshop CS4, or click on the shortcut on the desktop.
On a Mac, click Macintosh HD > Applications > Adobe Photoshop CS4 > Photoshop CS4 shown.
SETTING UP THE DOCUMENT
Setting up your document correctly from the start will make your job much easier as you work through your project. This will require some advanced planning. For example, if your final output will be a brochure, you may need to set up your document to be horizontal and double-sided.
To create a new document, click File > New. This will open the Document Setup dialog box.
Here you will be able to name your file, set up the correct page size, and orientation for your document. Options include, but are not limited to:
Page Size and Orientation
Change the page size by typing in new values for width and height. Page size represents the final size you want after bleeds or trimming other marks outside the page. In the Preset dropdown menu you can find such common sizes as letter, legal, tabloid, etc. Typing in exact values for Height and Width gives you more control over the size and orientation of your page.
Resolution
Resolution is a number of pixels on a printed area of an image. The higher the resolution, the more pixels there are on the page, the better is the quality of the image. However, high resolution increases the size of the file. The standard recommended resolution for printed images is 150-300, for Web images it is 72.
Color Mode
Choose a color mode that will best fit your project. For example, when making a graphic for a web site, choose RGB. When making an image for print, choose CMYK.
Background Contents
Choose the background: white, color, or transparent. When you have entered all of your document setting, click OK.

Adobe Photoshop CS4

Adobe Photoshop CS4 is a popular image editing software that provides a work environment consistent with Adobe Illustrator, Adobe InDesign, Adobe ImageReady, and other products in the Adobe Creative Suite. This tutorial is an introduction to using Adobe Photoshop. Here you will learn how to get started, how to use the interface, and how to modify images with basic.

Create Abstract Background In Photoshop

 Create New Image 1024x768 or How you want? With RGB Color, 72 resolution and transparent.
 Press ‘D’ for default color.
 Fiter>Renter>Clouds
 Filter>Pixelate>Mezzotint
 Mezzotint type :short stroke
 Filter>Blur>Radial blur>zoom>Amount 80
 Filter>distort>Twirl.
 ‘Ctrl+J’ for duplicate the layer.
 ‘Ctrl+T’ Right click on mouse >Flip Horizontal.
 Blending> Lighten
 Every layer>Press Ctrl+U
 Check on colorize.

Create A Electricity Text In Photoshop

 Create a new image 400x400 and 72 resolution with a transparent background.
 Edit>Fill and choose black
 Write Your text in white.
 Select>resterize>resterize text.
 Marge layer press ‘ctrl+shift+E’
 Image>rotate canvas>900 CW
 Filter>stylize>wind, make the direction “from the right”
 Press ‘Ctrl+F’
 Filter>stylize>wind, make the direction “from the left”
 Press ‘ctrl+F’
 Edit>Transform >900 CCW.
 Filter>stylize>wind ,make the direction “from the right”
 Again, Filter>stylize>wind ,make the direction “from the left”
 Filter>distort>Ripple
 Image>Adjustment>Hue/saturation then check Colorize.

Creating Pencil sketch of a photo in Photoshop

1) Open an image.
2) Create a copy of the background layer (Layer->Duplicate layer)
3) invert it (Image->Adjust->Invert).
4)Convert the image to Grayscale (Image->Mode->Grayscale) and choose not to flatten the image.
5) Double click the layer to open bending mode options palette. Set layer mode to "Color Dodge". This will at first make the layer look almost completely white.
6) Now, to bring out some pencil strokes apply the Gaussian blur-filter (Filter->Blur->Gaussian Blur) and set "Radius" to somewhere between 1.5 and 5.0 pixels.( If you set "Radius" to a higher value the image will look rather more like a pastel painting than a sketch.)

Adobe Photoshop CS

Photoshop is a powerful image editing software. It is resolution dependent and we can export Photoshop file into different format for e.g.: For video, Web, Print etc, we can create 2D, 3D graphics for web, also we can animate some graphics for web using Photoshop & Image Ready.
The default file extension of Photoshop is "PSD". In Photoshop the most important thing is a layer. You can create as many layers as you need. To open layer press F7 or Go to Window > Layer.
When you open Photoshop, you will see different Menus, Option Menu, Tool Box, and Floating Palette.
Go to File Menu > New or Simply press Ctrl + N to open New Photoshop Document.
The Default Photoshop colour Mode is RGB.

Resolution :- Resolution is the output Quality of any image (picture). Higher the resolution increase file size & you will get best quality picture. Lower the resolution decrease file size but you will not get best quality picture.

Pixel :- Pixel are a tiny dots which contains colour value & colour location.

To fill Foreground colour Press Alt + Backspace.
To fill Background colour Press Ctrl + Backspace.
To Deselect Marquee Selection Press Ctrl + D
Unto :- Ctrl + Shift + Z

IPO CYCLE:

Input Device:(Raw Data)mouse,Keyboard,scanner
Input is the raw information. It is the collection of Letters, Numbers and Images etc. given to the computer to produce the result.
Processing Device:(Invisible) CPU
Process is the action taken on data as per given instruction. It is totally inner process of the computer system.
Output:(Result):Monitor,Printer,Speaker
Output is the final data given by computer after data processing, it is also called Result. We can save the result s for our future use.

How to Start and shutdown of computer

How to start the computer in windows mode?
 Switch ON the Power Supply.
 Switch ON the CPU.
 Switch ON the Screen (Monitor).
 Then, wait a just a minute, after then you will directly enter into the windows environment (Desktop).
How to Shutdown (Off) the Computer?
Before shutdown the Computer, you have to close all opened windows. Then,
 Click on Start Button.
 Click on Shutdown/Turn off computer.
Then Computer asks you:
What do you want the computer to do?
 Choose 2nd option (Turn off).
 Click on Yes.
Then, Wait until the message “It’s now safe to turn off your Computer” will appear. But this message is not appeared if you use ATX casing.
 Then, Switch OFF the Screen.
 Switch OFF the CPU.
 At last, Switch OFF the Power Supply.

Introduction of Special Keys:

~ = Tiled Key
! = Exclamation Mark
@ = At the rate
# = Hash
$ = Dollar
% = Percentage
^ = Carat
& = And
* = Asterisk or Star Mark
( ) = Parentheses
- = Dash
| = Vertical Mark or Pipeline
{ } = Middle bracket
[ ] = Big Bracket
“ ” = Double quote Mark (smart)
‘ ’ = Single quote Mark (smart)
: = Colon
; = Semicolon
_ = Underscore
< > = Less than & greater than
? = Question Mark

Hardware and Software:

Whenever we talk about computer, we visualize the physical parts of computer and non-physical parts like programs. A complete system can be studied under two headings:

1.Hardware: - The physical components of a computer system, which can be seen & touched, such as computer itself, its modules & the input & output devices & auxiliary devices are called hardware. It is just a mechanism of the computer. All the devices attached to the computer system like: Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, CPU and Motherboard & Hard Disk.
2.Software: - Software is nothing but the computer program. Software is the set of Programs, which is used for different purpose. Software is basically the set of instruction grouped into program from that make the electronic device in the computer to function in desired ways.

Fullform of Computer

C = Commonly
O = Operating
M = Machinery
P = Particularly
U = Used For
T = Technology
E = Education
R = Research

What is Computer??

Computer is an electronic Device which can operate system file in systematically.

Computer is an advance/modern electronic device(machine), which takes raw data as input from the user then processes these data as per given instruction then gives output(Result) & stores it for future use.

It is a data processing machine, which can process any kind of numerical & non-numerical (Arithmetic & Logic) operation under the control of sequential instructions called program. It is totally user dependent device. It has no its own brain, so it cannot think its own.

Now a days computer can be used every where in the world. Such as banking field, education field, business field, scientific field much more computer become one of the most important needs of human rights.

It is used to calculating data, watching movie, listening music, sending email & get email one part of world to another part of world in one second as so on.

The features of computer are storage capacity, speed & accuracy, flexible, comparison & calculation, reliability, economically, multi-user nature, communication media etc.

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